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Semantic Web Patterns: A guide to Semantic Technology
In this article, we’ll analyze the trends and technologies that power the Semantic Web. We’ll identify patterns that are beginning to emerge, classify the different trends, and peak into what the future holds.
In a recent interview Tim Berners-Lee pointed out that the infrastructure to power the Semantic Web is already here. ReadWriteWeb’s founder, Richard MacManus, even picked it to be the number one trend in 2008. And rightly so. Not only are the bits of infrastructure now in place, but we are also seeing startups and larger corporations working hard to deliver end user value on top of this sophisticated set of technologies.
The Semantic Web means many things to different people, because there are a lot of pieces to it. To some, the Semantic Web is the web of data, where information is represented in RDF and OWL. Some people replace RDF with Microformats. Others think that the Semantic Web is about web services, while for many it is about artificial intelligence – computer programs solving complex optimization problems that are out of our reach. And business people always redefine the problem in terms of end user value, saying that whatever it is, it needs to have simple and tangible applications for consumers and enterprises.
The disagreement is not accidental, because the technology and concepts are broad. Much is possible and much is to be imagined.
1. Bottom-Up and Top-Down
We have written a lot about the different approaches to the Semantic Web – the classic bottom-up approach and the new top-down one. The bottom-up approach is focused on annotating information in pages, using RDF, so that it is machine readable. The top-down approach is focused on leveraging information in existing web pages, as-is, to derive meaning automatically. Both approaches are making good progress.
A big win for the bottom-up approach was recent announcement from Yahoo! that their search engine is going to support RDF and microformats. This is a win-win-win for publishers, for Yahoo!, and for customers – publishers now have an incentive to annotate information because Yahoo! Search will be taking advantage of it, and users will then see better, more precise results.
Another recent win for the bottom-up approach was the announcement of the Semantify web service from Dapper (previous coverage). This offering will enable publishers to add semantic annotations to existing web pages. The more tools like Semantify that pop up, the easier it will be for publishers to annotate pages. Automatic annotation tools combined with the incentive to annotate the pages is going to make the bottom-up approach more compelling.
But even if the tools and incentive exists, to make the bottom-up approach widespread is difficult. Today, the magic of Google is that it can understand information as is, without asking people to fully comply with W3C standards of SEO optimization techniques. Similarly, top-down semantic tools are focused on dealing with imperfections in existing information. Among them are the natural language processing tools that do entity extraction – such as the Calais and TextWise APIs that recognize people, companies, places, etc. in documents; vertical search engines, like ZoomInfo and Spock, which mine the web for people; technologies like Dapper and BlueOrganizer, which recognize objects in web pages; and Yahoo! Shortcuts, Snap and SmartLinks, which recognize objects in text and links.
[Disclosure: Alex Iskold is founder and CEO of AdaptiveBlue, which makes BlueOrganizer and SmartLinks.]
Top-down technologies are racing forward despite imperfect information. And, of course, they benefit from the bottom-up annotations as well. The more annotations there are, the more precise top-down technologies will get – because they will be able to take advantage of structured information as well.
2. Annotation Technologies: RDF, Microformats, and Meta Headers
Within the bottom-up approach to annotation of data, there are several choices for annotation. They are not equally powerful, and in fact each approach is a tradeoff between simplicity and completeness. The most comprehensive approach is RDF – a powerful, graph-based language for declaring things, and attributes and relationships between things. In a simplistic way, one can think of RDF as the language that allows expressing truths like: Alex IS human (type expression), Alex HAS a brain (attribute expression), and Alex IS the father of Alice, Lilly, and Sofia (relationship expression). RDF is powerful, but because it is highly recursive, precise, and mathematically sound, it is also complex.
Browster Is Gone, But Are Web Previews Here To Stay?
Last week it was reported that Browster, one of the first companies to deliver previews of web pages, is done. Browster drew a lot of attention in 2005 and was backed by a 6M first round from Advanced Technology Ventures, Vanguard Ventures, First Round Capital, and individual investors.
Browster delivered previews of web pages (before clicking on a link) via a browser plug-in. Cooliris and Snap are companies doing similar things. But the question of whether previews are actually a good – and viable – idea is still up in the air. Therefore in this post we look at various kinds of Web previews and decide if the concept is here to stay, or will it go down with the Browster ship.
What is a value of a preview?
The basic idea behind previews is simple: they save you a click. Instead of clicking on a link to see the content, you can get a preview of the page using a gesture – typically a mouseover. Assuming you can decide if the page is interesting or not based on the preview, you can save a click and more importantly the page load.
The big assumption is that the preview is useful, which is not always the case. For instance a thumbnail preview may be useful if you already know the look and feel of the site, but otherwise you can’t really tell what you are looking at. This is because scaling the snapshot of a page down to a thumbnail results in a substantial loss of information. As we will see below, Cooliris and Snap are using different techniques to avoid this problem.
Netflix solves the problem in a different way. Instead of showing you a scaled version of the page, Netflix shows you a synopsis of the movie when you mouse over its link. For movies, this works really well – and it would work well for many other things, like books, music albums and electronics. So it’s too bad that other sites do not do this.
Netflix preview
Cooliris – the preview extension for Firefox
Cooliris, one of the Firefox recommended extensions, offers great quality previews. It works by popping up a little blue square when a user moves their mouse over a link. If the user clicks on the square, a preview of the link comes up. The secret of Cooliris is its simplicity. Firstly, the previews shown are almost the size of the actual page. Secondly, the previews are not images, but actual pages loaded into an iframe and overlayed on top of the current page. While this seemingly would be the same as loading the page in another tab, it definitely feels lighter. What helps is that we do not need to close the tab, because once we click away the preview disappears.
Snap – preview technology for web sites and blogs
The makers of the Snap search engine recently released a site preview technology that allows bloggers and webmasters to turn on previews for any link on their site. Unlike Cooliris, Snap’s technology is powered by JavaScript that sits inside the page. To activate it, bloggers and webmasters need to paste a small chunk of code into their pages. Also unlike Cooliris, Snap shows a smaller preview when the user moves the mouse over any link. TechCrunch recently added Snap previews and we saw quite a few readers complain about it getting in the way. Personally, I like the Cooloris solution better – since it requires an additional gesture to get the preview.
Sphere – blog search previews on steroids
TechCrunch also features a completely different kind of preview – dynamic blog search results from the blog search engine called Sphere [Ed: this is coming soon to R/WW too]. What Sphere does is very impressive, but perhaps what’s even more impressive is how it presents the results. In a way, Sphere’s solution is similar to Netflix because it only shows a subset of information. This strategy allows Sphere to generate an intelligent preview of the search results. A combination of speed and excellent visualization makes this type of preview very compelling.
Monetizing previews
Since quite a few companies are doing previews, we need to understand their benefit. It seems that current preview makers fall into three major categories:
- Deliver advertising with previews (Browster)
- Use previews to drive traffic to the site (Snap, Sphere)
- Enhance user experience on the site (Netflix)
The companies listed under the second and third bullets do not concern themselves with monetization via preview, since they make money in a different way. For the companies that choose the preview to be their core business, some form of advertising must be in place.
What Browster used to do in the past was replace the advertisements from the pages with their own. This made some publishers very angry. Altering the content of web pages is certainly a risky business and spells lawsuits. Augmenting the previews with context sensitive ads, outside the preview frame, seems to be cleaner – but it requires a heavier back-end engine and could cause delays, which would be deadly.
Since Browster is out of the game now, it does not need to address this problem. Their competitor Cooliris looks to be a university project and so far they do not show any concern about making money. If they become serious about monetizing this technology, it will be interesting to see what route they will take.
Conclusion
So in the end we have to ask: Are previews a good idea? We think the answer is: Yes! If done right (and this is a big if), then previews can greatly enhance our online experience and save us a lot of time over the long run. Saving one click at a time will make us more productive and will save us minutes every day. And since there are incentives for companies to deliver preview technologies, we expect to see more developments in the near future.
So: Browster is dead, long live previews. But let us know what you think about previews and tell us your favorite ones.
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